Structural basis of poxvirus fusion regulation and A16/G9 antibody mediated neutralization and protection
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a poxvirus endemic to Central and West Africa with high epidemic potential. Pox-viruses enter host cells via a conserved entry-fusion complex (EFC), which mediates viral fusion to the cell membrane. The EFC is a promising therapeutic target, but the absence of structural data has limited the development of fusion-inhibiting treatments. Here, we investigated A16/G9, a subcomplex of the EFC that controls fusion timing. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we showed how A16/G9 interacts with A56/K2, a viral fusion suppressor that prevents superinfection. Immunization with A16/G9 elicited a protective immune response in mice. Using X-ray crystallography, we characterized two neutralizing antibodies and engineered a chimeric antibody that cross-neutralizes several poxviruses more efficiently than 7D11, the most potent antibody targeting the EFC described to date. These findings highlight the potential of A16/G9 as a candidate for subunit vaccines and identify regions of the EFC as targets for antiviral development.
Accepted for publication, to appear October 30, 2025.
Alejandro Martínez León
PhD student
